Types of Soil Excavation Tools & Machines in Construction
There are different types of soil excavation
tools and machines used in construction. Excavation of soil is necessary in
construction point of view and it should be done by hand tools or machineries
based on the area of the land or depth of excavation. By the process of
excavation, the land is cleaned from tree roots, strums, organic impurities
etc., which should harm to the foundation.
Types
of Soil Excavation Tools and Machines
·
Hand Tools
·
Machineries
HAND
TOOLS FOR SOIL EXCAVATION:
These are generally used for smaller depths of
excavations in small areas. Man power is required to operate these tools. The
tools come under this category are explained below.
1.
Spade
Spade is a tool which consists metal plate
having sharp edges, the plate is attached to long handle which is generally
made up of wood. Because of its sharp edges the soil can be dig easily. The
metal plate having less curvature in the spade so, we cannot lift the soil by
spade.
2.
Shovel
Shovel is tool which is used for the purpose
of lifting of excavated soil. It is also similar to spade the difference
between spade and shovel is the difference in leading edge. The curvature of
metal plate of shovel is generally higher when compared to spade so we can hold
the soil easily and lifted it. Shovel can also be used for digging purpose in
case of soft soils, sand etc.
3.
Hoe
Hoe is an excavating tool which consists a
metal plate attached to a long handle with acute angle. The plate having sharp
edge is used to excavate the soil. For small work of excavation it is widely
preferred tool. Sometimes metal plate is replaced by fork type plate.
4.
Trowel
Trowel is hand sized tool which is generally
used to dig the small trenches in soil or to remove the shallow roots in soil.
5.
Rake
Rake is a tools which is having a horizontal
rod having metal teeth and is used to remove the small layers of soil.
6.
Pick Axe
Pick axe consists hard spike attached
perpendicular to handle. They are used for excavating small trenches in soil.
Pick axe can cut the soil even if the soil is of hard type. The metal spike is
pointed on one side and wide blade is provided on the other side.
7.
Mattock
This looks like pickaxe. But serious digging
is not possible with mattock. Generally it is used as lifting tool because of
its curve shapes metal at its bottom.
MACHINERY
TOOLS FOR SOIL EXCAVATION :
These are the tools which are operated by
mechanical force and are used for the larger depths of excavations. There are
so many types of machine tools with ease of operation are designed in this
modern day period.
1.
Tracked Excavator
This is also called as track hoe. It consists
of cabinet and long arm. Long arm again consists of 2 parts. The first part
which is closure to cabinet is called as Boom and the other part is called as
Dipper-stick. Digging bucket is attached to the end of dipper. This entire
system can rotate 360 degrees. In this case Vehicle is moved by traction, so we
can use this equipment in mines, forestry, pipeline industries etc. the
function of excavator is done by hydraulic fluid so, it is also called as
hydraulic excavators.
2.
Wheeled Excavator
This whole arrangement is similar to the
tracked excavator except that the movement of vehicle is done by wheels. It can
move quickly when compared to tracked excavator but it is not suitable for
uneven grounds or hilly areas because of slippery nature. So these are
generally used for road constructions etc..
3.
Backhoe Excavator
In case of backhoe excavator, the hoe
arrangement is on back side and loader bucket is arranged in front of the
vehicle. So two operations digging and loading or lifting is done by hoe and
loader. This is widely used equipment nowadays because of its small size and
versatility. This is moved with the help of wheels. so, moving from one
workstation to another is quickly done.
4.
Bulldozer
Bulldozer consists of hard steel plate with
sharp edge at its front. This sharp edge is helps the plate to cut the soil and
for excavation. The metal plate can be raised and lowered with the help of
hydraulic arms. The bulldozers are available in both tracked and wheeled form.
These are widely used for the works of soil excavations, weak rock strata
removal, lifting of soil etc.
5.
Dragline Excavators
Dragline excavators consists large length
boom. A cable is hanged from the top of the boom and digging bucket is
suspended to the cable. Generally dragline excavators are used for larger depth
excavations like port construction, under water sediment removal etc. These are
heavy equipment with greater economy.
6.
Trenchers
Trenchers are the equipment’s used to dig
trenches in the ground. These are also available in many sizes based on our
requirement. The trenches dug are generally used for drainage purpose, pipeline
laying, cable laying. The trenchers are generally available in two types.
i.
Chain trenchers
ii.
Wheeled trenchers
Chain Trenchers
Chain trencher consists of a fixed arm called
boom around which digging chain is arranged. The chain is very hard and
consists sharp tooth. Whenever it is driven into ground the chain rotates
around boom with rapid force and cuts the ground. By adjusting the angle of the
boom we can manage the depth to be excavated. It cuts the soil with hard strata
which cannot excavate by bucket type excavator. In case of smaller chain
trenchers wheeled vehicles are available and for larger chain trenchers are
available in tracked form.
Wheeled
Trenchers
In case of wheeled
trencher, toothed metal wheel is used as trenching tool. This equipment is
available in both tracked and wheeled form of vehicles. When compared to chain
trencher the wheeled trencher can cut harder soil strata. It is also used to
cut pavement surface while road repair works. Economically also wheeled
trencher is better than the chain trencher.
Types of Soil Excavation Tools & Machines in Construction
Reviewed by Akshay Thakur
on
November 29, 2019
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